First stages towards the establishment of Brazilian neurology faculties / Primeiros passos das escolas de neurologia do Brasil

ABSTRACT The establishment of modern medicine in Brazil was marked by the arrival of the Portuguese Court in 1808, when the Bahia and Rio de Janeiro Faculties of Medicine were founded. The French School of Medicine exerted a strong influence on Brazilian medicine and on the main pioneers of Brazilian neurology. The elite of "Parisian neurology" trained students and doctors from around the world, and were mentors to the pioneers of Brazilian neurology in the early 20th century. In this article, the authors review the origins of neurology faculties in Brazilian medicine and the main pioneers of Brazilian neurology. Neurology is certainly a continuously changing field and has always adapted to new advances and discoveries, and it is an honor for the authors to pay homage to their pioneers.

RESUMO O estabelecimento da medicina moderna no Brasil foi marcado pela chegada da corte portuguesa em 1808, quando foram fundadas as faculdades de medicina da Bahia e do Rio de Janeiro. A Escola Francesa de Medicina exerceu forte influência na Medicina Brasileira e nos principais pioneiros da Neurologia Brasileira. A elite da "Neurologia parisiense", treinou estudantes e médicos de todo o mundo e foram os mentores dos pioneiros da neurologia brasileira no início do século XX. Neste texto, os autores revisam as origens das faculdades de Neurologia na Medicina Brasileira e os principais pioneiros da Neurologia Brasileira. A neurologia é certamente um campo em constante mudança e sempre se adaptou a novos avanços e descobertas, e é uma honra para os autores homenagear seus pioneiros.

Large-scale quantitative profiling of the Old English verse tradition.

The corpus of Old English verse is an indispensable source for scholars of the Indo-European tradition, early Germanic culture and English literary history. Although it has been the focus of sustained literary scholarship for over two centuries, Old English poetry has not been subjected to corpus-wide computational profiling, in part because of the sparseness and extreme fragmentation of the surviving material. Here we report a detailed quantitative analysis of the whole corpus that considers a broad range of features reflective of sound, metre and diction. This integrated examination of fine-grained features enabled us to identify salient stylistic patterns, despite the inherent limitations of the corpus. In particular, we provide quantitative evidence consistent with the unitary authorship of Beowulf and the Cynewulfian authorship of Andreas, shedding light on two longstanding questions in Old English philology. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of high-dimensional stylometric profiling for fragmentary literary traditions and lay the foundation for future studies of the cultural evolution of English literature.

Medieval women's early involvement in manuscript production suggested by lapis lazuli identification in dental calculus.

During the European Middle Ages, the opening of long-distance Asian trade routes introduced exotic goods, including ultramarine, a brilliant blue pigment produced from lapis lazuli stone mined only in Afghanistan. Rare and as expensive as gold, this pigment transformed the European color palette, but little is known about its early trade or use. Here, we report the discovery of lapis lazuli pigment preserved in the dental calculus of a religious woman in Germany radiocarbon-dated to the 11th or early 12th century. The early use of this pigment by a religious woman challenges widespread assumptions about its limited availability in medieval Europe and the gendered production of illuminated texts.

First stages towards the establishment of Brazilian neurology faculties.

OBJECTIVE: The establishment of modern medicine in Brazil was marked by the arrival of the Portuguese Court in 1808, when the Bahia and Rio de Janeiro Faculties of Medicine were founded. METHODS: The French School of Medicine exerted a strong influence on Brazilian medicine and on the main pioneers of Brazilian neurology. The elite of "Parisian neurology" trained students and doctors from around the world, and were mentors to the pioneers of Brazilian neurology in the early 20th century. CONCLUSION: In this article, the authors review the origins of neurology faculties in Brazilian medicine and the main pioneers of Brazilian neurology. RESULTS: Neurology is certainly a continuously changing field and has always adapted to new advances and discoveries, and it is an honor for the authors to pay homage to their pioneers.

Análisis de la enfermedad dermatológica en 8 Cantigas de Santa María del Rey Alfonso X el Sabio. Parte II: mutilación genital, escrofulodermia, sarna, erisipela y los males del Rey Alfonso / Dermatologic Diseases in 8 of the Cantigas of Holy Mary of Alfonso X the Learned. Part 2: Genital Mutilation, Scrofuloderma, Scabies, Erysipelas, and the Ailments of the King

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Paul of Aegina (c. 625-690 AD), the Origins of the Early Correction of Pediatric Strabismus in Byzantine Empire.

The eminent Greek physician Paul of Aegina, native of the Saronic island Aegina and pupil of the Alexandrian School, understood both exotropia and endotropia, his designation for esotropia and proposed therapeutic measures for their treatment during baby or toddler age. He had introduced an innovative method for the newborns to have a straight vision, "the congenital strabismus of the newborns must be treated with the placement of a facial mask (with 2 open holes in the middle axes of the eyes), so that the babies could only see in a straight line", combined with a small oil lamp to assure a direct eye alignment. Although not even a diagram of the masks was saved until nowadays, Paul was the first to suggest the early correction of the eyes deviation, and considered to be the father of orthoptics.

Epilepsy in Dante's poetry.

Dante Alighieri is the greatest Italian poet and one of the most important writers in Western literature. He is best known for the epic poem "Commedia", later named "La Divina Commedia" that has profoundly influenced not only poetic imagination but also all subsequent allegorical creations of imaginary worlds in literature. This paper examines the poetic description of some episodes of loss of consciousness in Dante's poetry discussing how and why typical elements of epileptic seizures have been used. On the 750th anniversary of Dante's birth, his poetry still remains to be an inspiring source of debate and reflection. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Epilepsy, Art, and Creativity".

Barberos, charlatanes y enfermos: La pluralidad médica de la España barroca percibida por el pícaro Estebanillo González / Barbers, charlatans, and the sick: The medical plurality of baroque Spain perceived by the picaresque Estebanillo González

Para conocer las enfermedades y su tratamiento médico desde la perspectiva del enfermo en la sociedad española del Barroco, la literatura de creación, en particular la novela picaresca, es una valiosa fuente que nos ofrece una representación de las ideas sobre la medicina y la enfermedad difundidas entre la población y difícilmente accesibles desde otras fuentes. Vida y hechos de Estebanillo González (1646), en tanto que relato narrado en primera persona, permite conocer tres aspectos diferentes del mundo médico en Europa durante la Guerra de los Treinta Años: Estebanillo ejerce diversos oficios médicos, comparece en la narración como paciente y comenta prácticas relacionadas con la salud y la enfermedad, proporcionando material de gran utilidad para analizar cómo se representan los diferentes ámbitos de la medicina en esta obra literaria (AU)

In order to know about diseases and their medical treatment from the perspective of the patient in Baroque Spanish society, creative literature, especially the picaresque novel, is a valuable source that offers a representation of ideas on medicine and disease that were widespread among the population and difficult to access from other sources. The first-person narrative in the Vida y hechos de Estebanillo González (1646) offers knowledge on three different aspects of the medical world in Europe during the Thirty Years’ War: Estebanillo practises various medical professions, appears in the story as a patient and comments on health practices and disease, providing highly useful material to analyze how different fields of medicine are represented in this literary work (AU)

Alimentos relacionados con la novela Don Quijote de la Mancha ¿seguían las recomendaciones nutricionales saludables aconsejadas en la actualidad? / Foods related to the novel ‘don quixote de la mancha’. did they follow the healthy nutritional recommendations which are advised nowadays?

Es conocida la enorme contribución que ha hecho y sigue haciendo la novela Don Quijote de la Mancha, de Miguel de Cervantes, a la literatura universal. Un libro de esta categoría, presenta para su estudio dimensiones múltiples. Una de ellas es la nutrición. El principal objetivo de este estudio ha sido valorar y exponer la alimentación citada en el Quijote y en tiempos de Cervantes en los nutrientes que la constituyen, y comparar la nutrición realizada en La Mancha con la realizada en Cataluña. El cálculo de los nutrientes de la parte intermedia del itinerario, situada principalmente en Aragón, no ha sido objeto de este estudio. Además se ha comprobado si estos nutrientes seguían las recomendaciones actuales de la Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis y otros consensos

It is known that Miguel de Cervantes's novel ‘Don Quixote de La Mancha’ has done and is still doing a great contribution to the universal literature. A book that has reached such category and grows in number of its readers, shows multiple dimensions for its study. One of them is nutrition. One of the aims of this study has been to value and expound, according to their own nutrients, the kinds of food cited in ‘The Quixote’ and in the times of Cervantes. This has allowed the comparison made between ways of nutrition in La Mancha and in Catalonia, as well as the regions situated at the beginning and end of the itinerary covered by its main characters Don Quixote and Sancho Panza. The evaluation of the nutrients in the middle part of the itinerary, placed mainly in Aragón, has not been considered in this study. Another purpose has been to check if these nutrients followed the current recommendations of the Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis and other valid agreements at the moment

Wearing Your Heart on Your Face: Reading Lovesickness and the Suicidal Impulse in Chaucer.

Geoffrey Chaucer frequently depicts the emotions of his characters via the outward physical signs of the body, and he often does so using a discourse that draws on Galenic theories. A striking example of Chaucer's medicalized descriptions of emotion is his adaptation of the suicidal impulse associated with lovesickness. Chaucer reconstructs this motif in "The Knight's Tale" and The Book of the Duchess by altering his sources (Boccaccio, and Froissart and Machaut) to anatomize the emotional body of the suffering knight. Through the medicalized language of bodily health describing emotional upheavals, other characters and the reader are prompted to feel with and begin to understand and appropriately respond to the suffering individual. This reading shows Chaucer using moments of embodied emotional examination to teach his audience how to read, interpret, and respond to literature.

Cultural Trauma and Christian Identity in the Late Medieval Heroic Epic, The Siege of Jerusalem.

This essay examines scenes of violence in the late medieval poem The Siege of Jerusalem in order to reveal the ways in which trauma is used as the grounds upon which Christian/Jewish difference is established. In particular, I argue that this poem serves as an example of a widespread element in Christian chivalric identity, namely the need to manage the repetitive invocation of Christ's crucifixion (ritually repeated through liturgical and poetic invocation) as a means of asserting both the bodily and psychic integrity of the Christian subject in contrast to the violently abjected figure of the Jewish body. The failure of The Siege protagonist, Wespasian, to navigate the cultural trauma of the crucifixion is contrasted to the successful management of trauma by the martial hero, Tancred, in Tasso's epic, Gerusalemme Liberata, illustrating the range of imaginative possibilities for understanding trauma in pre-modern war literature.

On the Unruly Power of Pain in Middle English Drama.

Late medieval culture tends to value pain highly and positively. Accordingly, much medievalist scholarship links pain with fear and emphasizes their usefulness in the period's philosophy, literature, visual art, and drama. Yet, key moments in The York Play of the Crucifixion, The Second Shepherds' Play, and The Tretise of Miraclis Pleyinge trouble the significance of pain and its relationships with punishment and performance; these works admit the unreliability of pain and fear, even as they harness the formidable power pain holds throughout Middle English literature. This essay analyzes passages from all three texts to demonstrate their deep skepticism about the signifying power of pain alongside their abiding investments in pain's utility. I argue that these texts ultimately challenge Middle English drama's dominant discourses of patriarchy and empire by way of their representations of pain.

Lydgate's Danse Macabre and the Trauma of the Hundred Years War.

This essay argues that the foundational traumatic lacuna behind John Lydgate's Danse Macabre is the social agon between those who wage the Hundred Years War and those who fight in it. Drawing from the insights of trauma theory to discuss the poem's form, the essay uncovers Lydgate's persistent concern with the damage caused by the war and the concomitant political unrest it causes. It argues further that Lydgate theorized this agon using the emergent genre of tragedy, which is beginning to be practiced anew in late-medieval England. Tragic discourse is riven by concerns about the efficacy of human action and the radical contingency of fortune, creating a crisis of agency that can be used as a form of political critique. Ultimately, Lydgate blends the genre of tragedy with the mirror for princes and estates satire genres to argue that, while everyone must eventually dance with death, during war some estates lead the dance.

Demonic possessions and mental illness: discussion of selected cases in late medieval hagiographical literature.

During the Middle Ages, demonic possession constituted an explanation for an erratic behavior in society. Exorcism was the treatment generally applied to demoniacs and seems to have caused some alleviation in the suffering of mentally distressed people. We have selected and analyzed some cases of demonic possession from thirteenth-century hagiographical literature. In the description of demoniacs we have been able to find traits of psychotic, mood, neurotic, personality disorders and epilepsy. The exorcisms analyzed in our article are the result of literary invention more than the description of a contemporary event. Nevertheless, the writers were witnesses of their time, transferred their knowledge about exorcism and possession in their narrative and presumably incorporated their actual experience with demoniacs.